RESEARCH PAPER
Exploring career choice and retention among engineering undergraduate students and systems engineers: A gender perspective
 
More details
Hide details
1
Faculty of Education in Technology and Science, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa, ISRAEL
 
2
Samuel Neaman Institute for National Policy, Technion City, Haifa, ISRAEL
 
3
MOFET National Institute for Research and Development in Teacher Education, Tel Aviv, ISRAEL
 
4
Faculty of Data and Decision Sciences, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa, ISRAEL
 
 
Online publication date: 2024-10-16
 
 
Publication date: 2024-11-01
 
 
EURASIA J. Math., Sci Tech. Ed 2024;20(11):em2527
 
KEYWORDS
ABSTRACT
The underrepresentation of women in engineering is a significant concern. This study applies the social cognitive theory and the social career cognitive theory (SCCT) to investigate gender differences in engineering career choices. We examined reasons given by 19 systems engineers and 330 undergraduate engineering students for choosing engineering and categorizing them according to SCCT themes. We compared the distribution of reasons across themes and categories by career stage and gender. For engineers, the category self-efficacy correlated significantly with challenges and opportunities and current job suitability categories, and women engineers cited challenges mainly with work-life balance and the gender glass ceiling. Undergraduate students cited personal reasons more frequently than environmental ones, with behavioral reasons being the least common. The extended SCCT model includes the categories challenges and opportunities and current job suitability within the behavioral theme, with the latter pertaining specifically to career retention. This research provides insights into gender-dependent engineering career choice and retention by expanding the set of SCCT categories.
 
REFERENCES (110)
1.
Ackah, C., & Heaton, N. (2004). The reality of “new” careers for men and for women. Journal of European Industrial Training, 28(2/3/4), 141-158. https://doi.org/10.1108/030905....
 
2.
Archer, L., DeWitt, J., Osborne, J., Dillon, J., Willis, B., & Wong, B. (2012). “Balancing acts”: Elementary school girls’ negotiations of femininity, achievement, and science. Science Education, 96(6), 967-989. https://doi.org/10.1002/sce.21....
 
3.
Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469-480. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-0....
 
4.
Avargil, S., Shwartz-Asher, D., Reiss, S. R., & Dori, Y. J. (2023). Professors’ retrospective views on chemistry career choices with a focus on gender and academic stage aspects. Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy, 36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scp.....
 
5.
Badmus, O. T., & Jita, L. C. (2023). Investigation of factors influencing career choice among STEM undergraduates in Nigeria universities. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 19(1), Article em2221. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmst....
 
6.
Bakeman, R., McArthur, D., Quera, V., & Robinson, B. F. (1997). Detecting sequential patterns and determining their reliability with fallible observers. Psychological Methods, 2(4), Article 357. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-9....
 
7.
Balakrishnan, B., & Low, F. S. (2016). Learning experience and socio-cultural influences on women engineering students’ perspectives on engineering courses and careers. Minerva, 54, 219-239. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11024....
 
8.
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Prentice-Hall.
 
9.
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. W.H. Freeman and Company.
 
10.
Bandura, A. (1999). Social cognitive theory of personality. In L. A. Pervin, & O. P. John (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (2nd ed., pp. 154-196). Guilford Press.
 
11.
Bandura, A., & Locke, E. A. (2003). Negative self-efficacy and goal effects revisited. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(1), 87-99. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9....
 
12.
Bandura, A., Barbaranelli, C., Caprara, G. V., & Pastorelli, C. (2001). Self-efficacy beliefs as shapers of children’s aspirations and career trajectories. Child Development, 72(1), 187-206. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8....
 
13.
Bloodhart, B., Balgopal, M. M., Casper, A. M. A., Sample McMeeking, L. B., & Fischer, E. V. (2020). Outperforming yet undervalued: Undergraduate women in STEM. PLoS ONE, 15(6), Article e0234685. https://doi.org/10.1371/journa....
 
14.
Boeije, H. (2002). A purposeful approach to the constant comparative method in the analysis of qualitative interviews. Quality and Quantity, 36(4), 391-409. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020....
 
15.
Brown, A., Bimrose, J., Barnes, S.-A., & Hughes, D. (2012). The role of career adaptabilities for mid-career changers. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80(3), 754-761. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.....
 
16.
Brown, S. D., Lent, R. W., Telander, K., & Tramayne, S. (2011). Social cognitive career theory, conscientiousness, and work performance: A meta-analytic path analysis. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 79(1), 81-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.....
 
17.
Brown, S. D., Tramayne, S., Hoxha, D., Telander, K., Fan, X., & Lent, R. W. (2008). Social cognitive predictors of college students’ academic performance and persistence: A meta-analytic path analysis. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 72, 298-308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.....
 
18.
Buday, S. K., Stake, J. E., & Peterson, Z. D. (2012). Gender and the choice of a science career: The impact of social support and possible selves. Sex Roles, 66(3-4), 197-209. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199....
 
19.
Carlone, H. B., Johnson, A., & Scott, C. M. (2015). Agency amidst formidable structures: How girls perform gender in science class. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 52(4), 474-488. https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.21....
 
20.
Carroll, W. R., & Bandura, A. (1987). Translating cognition into action: The role of visual guidance in observational learning. Journal of Motor Behavior, 19, 385-398. https://doi.org/10.1080/002228....
 
21.
Chan, R. C. (2022). A social cognitive perspective on gender disparities in self-efficacy, interest, and aspirations in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM): The influence of cultural and gender norms. International Journal of STEM Education, 9, Article 37. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40594....
 
22.
Charlesworth, T. E. S., & Banaji, M. R. (2019). Gender in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics: Issues, causes, solutions. The Journal of Neuroscience, 39(37), 7228-7243. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEURO....
 
23.
Charmaz, K. (2014). Constructing grounded theory (2nd ed.). SAGE.
 
24.
Chetcuti, D. A., & Kioko, B. (2012). Girls’ attitudes towards science in Kenya. International Journal of Science Education, 34(10), 1571-1589. https://doi.org/10.1080/095006....
 
25.
Choi, S. (2019). Breaking through the glass ceiling: Social capital matters for women’s career success?. International Public Management Journal, 22(2), 295-320. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-9....
 
26.
Clarke, M. (2011). Advancing women’s careers through leadership development programs. Employee Relations, 33(5), 498-515. https://doi.org/10.1108/014254....
 
27.
Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (2008). Basics of qualitative research (3rd ed.). SAGE.
 
28.
Correll, S. J. (2001). Gender and the career choice process: The Role of Biased Self-Assessments1. American journal of Sociology, 106(6), 1691-1730. https://doi.org/10.1086/321299.
 
29.
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (4th ed.). SAGE.
 
30.
Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2011). Designing and conducting mixed methods research (2nd ed.). SAGE.
 
31.
Crothers, L. M., Hughes, T. L., & Morine, K. A. (2008). Theory and cases in school based consultation: A resource for school psychologists, school counselors, special educators, and other mental health professionals. Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
 
32.
Dasgupta, N., & Stout, J. G. (2014). Girls and women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics: STEMing the tide and broadening participation in STEM careers. Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1(1), 21-29. https://doi.org/10.1177/237273....
 
33.
Dzombak, R., Mouakkad, S., & Mehta, K. (2016). Motivations of women participating in a technology-based social entrepreneurship program. Advances in Engineering Education, 5(1), Article n1.
 
34.
Eccles, J. S. (1994). Understanding women’s educational and occupational choices. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 18(4), 585-609. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471....
 
35.
Flum, H., & Kaplan, A. (2006). Exploratory orientation as an educational goal. Educational Psychologist, 41(2), 99-110. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326....
 
36.
Fox, L. H. (1981). Career development of gifted and talented women. Journal of Career Education, 7(4), 289-298. https://doi.org/10.1177/089484....
 
37.
Fox, L. H., Fennema, E., & Sherman, J. A. (1977). Women and mathematics: Research perspectives for change. National Institute of Education, Education and Work Group.
 
38.
Freedman, G., Green, M. C., Kussman, M., Drusano, M., & Moore, M. M. (2023). “Dear future woman of STEM”: Letters of advice from women in STEM. International Journal of STEM Education, 10, Article 20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40594....
 
39.
Galvin, D. J., Anderson, S. C., Marolf, C. J., Schneider, N. G., & Liebl, A. L. (2024). Comparative analysis of gender disparity in academic positions based on U.S. region and STEM discipline. PLoS ONE, 19(3), Article e0298736. https://doi.org/10.1371/journa....
 
40.
Gayles, J. G., & Ampaw, F. D. (2011). Gender matters: An examination of differential effects of the college experience on degree attainment in STEM. New Directions for Institutional Research, 2011(152), 19-25. https://doi.org/10.1002/ir.405.
 
41.
Godwin, A., Potvin, G., Hazari, Z., & Lock, R. (2016). Identity, critical agency, and engineering: An affective model for predicting engineering as a career choice. Journal of engineering Education, 105(2), 312-340. https://doi.org/10.1002/jee.20....
 
42.
Gottfredson, L. S., & Lapan, R. T. (1997). Assessing gender-based circumscription of occupational aspirations. Journal of Career Assessment, 5(4), 419-441. https://doi.org/10.1177/106907....
 
43.
Graves, B. S., Hall, M. E., Dias-Karch, C., Haischer, M. H., & Apter, C. (2021). Gender differences in perceived stress and coping among college students. PLoS ONE, 16(8), Article e0255634. https://doi.org/10.1371/journa....
 
44.
Greene, A. L., Sullivan, H. J., & Beyard-Tyler, K. (1982). Attitudinal effects of the use of role models in information about sex-typed careers. Journal of Educational Psychology, 74(3), Article 393. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0....
 
45.
Grunert, M. L., & Bodner, G. M. (2011). Underneath it all: Gender role identification and women chemists’ career choices. Science Education International, 22(4), 292-301.
 
46.
Gumaelius, L., Almqvist, M., Árnadóttir, A., Axelsson, A., Conejero, J. A., García-Sabater, J. P., & Mickos, H. (2016). Outreach initiatives operated by universities for increasing interest in science and technology. European Journal of Engineering Education, 41(6), 589-622. https://doi.org/10.1080/030437....
 
47.
Guthrie, J. W., & Zusman, A. (1982). Teacher supply and demand in mathematics and science. Phi Delta Kappan, 64(1), 28-33.
 
48.
Hackett, G., Esposito, D., & O’Halloran, M. S. (1989). The relationship of role model influences to the career salience and educational and career plans of college women. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 35(2), 164-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-8....
 
49.
Hartman, R. L., & Barber, E. G. (2020). Women in the workforce: The effect of gender on occupational self-efficacy, work engagement and career aspirations. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 35(1), 92-118. https://doi.org/10.1108/GM-04-....
 
50.
Hazari, Z., Sonnert, G., Sadler, P. M., & Shanahan, M.C. (2010). Connecting high school physics experiences, outcome expectations, physics identity, and physics career choice: A gender study. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 47(8), 978-1003. https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.20....
 
51.
Husain, F. Y., Forawi, S., & Chang, C. Y. (2023). Triple helix components supporting STEM education to increase future STEM careers in the United Arab Emirates. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 19(8), Article em2303. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmst....
 
52.
Jones, B. D., Ruff, C., & Paretti, M. C. (2013). The impact of engineering identification and stereotypes on undergraduate women’s achievement and persistence in engineering. Social Psychology of Education, 16, 471-493. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218....
 
53.
Kohen, Z., & Nitzan, O. (2022). Excellence in mathematics in secondary school and choosing and excelling in STEM professions over significant periods in life. International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 20, 169-191. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10763....
 
54.
Kolmos, A., Mejlgaard, N., Haase, S., & Holgaard, J. E. (2013). Motivational factors, gender and engineering education. European Journal of Engineering Education, 38(3), 340-358. https://doi.org/10.1080/030437....
 
55.
Kulik, C. T., & Rae, B. (2019). The glass ceiling in organizations. In Oxford research encyclopedia of business and management. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefo....
 
56.
Kuprak, N. (2022). The higher education system in Israel. Knesset–Research and Information Center. https://fs.knesset.gov.il/glob....
 
57.
Landis, J. R., & Koch, G. G. (1977). The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics, 33(1), 159-174. https://doi.org/10.2307/252931....
 
58.
Lariviere, V., Ni, C., Gingras, Y., Cronin, B., & Sugi1noto, C. R. (2013). Bibliometrics: Global gender disparities in science. Nature, 504(7479), 211-213. https://doi.org/10.1038/504211....
 
59.
Lent, R. W., Brown, S. D., & Hackett, G. (1994). Toward a unifying social cognitive theory of career and academic interest, choice, and performance. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 45(1), 79-122. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1....
 
60.
Lent, R. W., Brown, S. D., & Hackett, G. (2000). Contextual supports and barriers to career choice: A social cognitive analysis. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47(1), Article 36. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0....
 
61.
Lent, R. W., Miller, M. J., Smith, P. E., Watford, B. A., Lim, R. H., & Hui, K. (2016). Social cognitive predictors of academic persistence and performance in engineering: Applicability across gender and race/ethnicity. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 94, 79-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.....
 
62.
Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. SAGE. https://doi.org/10.1016/0147-1....
 
63.
Lindner, J., & Makarova, E. (2024). Challenging gender stereotypes: Young women’s views on female role models in secondary school science textbooks. International Journal of Educational Research Open, 7, Article 100376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijed....
 
64.
Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (2002). Building a practically useful theory of goal setting and task motivation: A 35-year odyssey. American Psychologist, 57(9), 705-717. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-0....
 
65.
Marta, E. M., & Michelle, C. (2023). OECD skills studies gender, education and skills the persistence of gender gaps in education and skills: The persistence of gender gaps in education and skills. OECD. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/....
 
66.
Matusovich, H. M., Streveler, R. A., & Miller, R. L. (2010). Why do students choose engineering? A qualitative, longitudinal investigation of students’ motivational values. Journal of Engineering Education, 99(4), 289-303. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2168....
 
67.
Mau, W. C. (2003). Factors that influence persistence in science and engineering career aspirations. The Career Development Quarterly, 51(3), 234-243. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161....
 
68.
McMahon, M., Watson, M., & Bimrose, J. (2012). Career adaptability: A qualitative understanding from the stories of older women. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80(3), 762-768. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.....
 
69.
Metz, B., Kersten, G. F., Hoogerhout, P., Brugghe, H. F., Timmermans, H. A., de Jong, A., Meiring, H., ten Hove, J., Hennink, W. E., Crommelin, D. J., & Jiskoot, W. (2004). Identification of formaldehyde-induced modifications in proteins: Reactions with model peptides. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 279(8), 6235-6243. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M3....
 
70.
Metz, I. (2005). Advancing the careers of women with children. Career Development International, 10(3), 228-245. https://doi.org/10.1108/136204....
 
71.
Michael, R., Most, T., & Cinamon, R. G. (2013). The contribution of perceived parental support to the career self-efficacy of deaf, hard-of-hearing, and hearing adolescents. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 18(3), 329-343. https://doi.org/10.1093/deafed....
 
72.
Miller, K., Sonnert, G., & Sadler, P. (2018). The influence of students’ participation in STEM competitions on their interest in STEM careers. International Journal of Science Education, Part B: Communication and Public Engagement, 8(2), 95-114. https://doi.org/10.1080/215484....
 
73.
Moghe, S., Baumgart, K., Shaffer, J. J., & Carlson, K. A. (2021). Female mentors positively contribute to undergraduate STEM research experiences. PLoS ONE, 16(12), Article e0260646. https://doi.org/10.1371/journa....
 
74.
Morgan, C., Isaac, J. D., & Sansone, C. (2001). The role of interest in understanding the career choices of women and men college students. Sex Roles, 44(5-6), 295-320. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010....
 
75.
Multon, K. D., Brown, S. D., & Lent, R. W. (1991). Relation of self-efficacy beliefs to academic outcomes: A meta-analytic investigation. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 38(1), 30-38. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0....
 
76.
Negrea, V. (2024). Exploring career changers’ experiences in a school-based initial teacher education programme for science teachers in England. International Journal of Educational Research, 125, Article 102342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer....
 
77.
Osborne, J. F., & J. Dillon. (2008). Science education in Europe. Nuffield Foundation.
 
78.
Prvulovic, I. B. (2020). Playing the career game in a changing world of work: Career navigation and support strategies in advice columns. Nordic Journal of Transitions, Careers and Guidance, 1(1), 53-68. https://doi.org/10.16993/njtcg....
 
79.
Reilly, D., Neumann, D. L., & Andrews, G. (2019). Investigating gender differences in mathematics and science: Results from the 2011 trends in mathematics and science survey. Research in Science Education, 49(1), 25-50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165....
 
80.
Riegle-Crumb, C., Moore, C., & Ramos-Wada, A. (2011). Who wants to have a career in science or math? Exploring adolescents’ future aspirations by gender and race/ethnicity. Science Education, 95(3), 458-476. https://doi.org/10.1002/sce.20....
 
81.
Rocker Yoel, S. & Dori, Y. J. (2023). Interpersonal skills and STEM career choice of three types of FIRST mentors. Journal of Engineering Education, 112(4), 987-1011. https://doi.org/10.1002/jee.20....
 
82.
Rosser, S. V., & Lane, E. O. N. (2002). Key barriers for academic institutions seeking to retain women scientists and engineers: Family-unfriendly policies. Low numbers, stereotypes, and harassment. Journal of Women and Minorities in Science and Engineering, 8(2). https://doi.org/10.1615/Jwomen....
 
83.
Sadler, P. M., Sonnert, G., Hazari, Z., & Tai, R. (2012). Stability and volatility of STEM career interest in high school: A gender study. Science Education, 96(3), 411-427. https://doi.org/10.1002/sce.21....
 
84.
Sakellariou, C., & Fang, Z. (2021). Self-efficacy and interest in STEM subjects as predictors of the STEM gender gap in the US: The role of unobserved heterogeneity. International Journal of Educational Research, 109, Article 101821. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer....
 
85.
Salmi, H., Thuneberg, H., & Vainikainen, M. P. (2015). How do engineering attitudes vary by gender and motivation? Attractiveness of outreach science exhibitions in four countries. European Journal of Engineering Education, 41(6), 638-659. https://doi.org/10.1080/030437....
 
86.
Sawtelle, V., Brewe, E., & Kramer, L. H. (2012). Exploring the relationship between self-efficacy and retention in introductory physics. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 49(9), 1096-1121. https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.21....
 
87.
Schmitt, M., Lauer, S., & Wilkesmann, U. (2021). Work motivation and career autonomy as predictors of women’s subjective career success in STEM. Acta Paedagogica Vilnensia, 46, 73-89. https://doi.org/10.15388/ActPa....
 
88.
Schneeweis, N., & Zweimüller, M. (2012). Girls, girls, girls: Gender composition and women school choice. Economics of Education Review, 31(4), 482-500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econ....
 
89.
Seligman, L., Weinstock, L., & Heflin, E. N. (1991). The career development of 10 year olds. Elementary School Guidance & Counseling, 25(3), 172-181. http://www.jstor.org/stable/42....
 
90.
Seymour, E. (1995). The loss of women from science, mathematics, and engineering undergraduate majors: An explanatory account. Science Education, 79(4), 437-473. https://doi.org/10.1002/sce.37....
 
91.
Shapiro, E. C., Haseltine, F. P., & Rowe, M. P. (1978). Moving up: Role models, mentors, and the “patron system”. Sloan Management Review, 19(3), 51-58. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.19....
 
92.
Shekhar, P., & Huang-Saad, A. (2021). Examining engineering students’ participation in entrepreneurship education programs: Implications for practice. International Journal of STEM Education, 8, Article 40. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40594....
 
93.
Shulga, T. I., Zaripova, Z. F., Sakhieva, R. G., Devyatkin, G. S., Chauzova, V. A., & Zhdanov, S. P. (2023). Learners’ career choices in STEM education: A review of empirical studies. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 19(5), Article em2261. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmst....
 
94.
Shwartz, G., Shav-Artza, O., & Dori, Y. J. (2021). Choosing chemistry at different education and career stages: Chemists, chemical engineers, and teachers. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 30(3), 692-705. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10956....
 
95.
Sides, J. D., & Cuevas, J. A. (2020). Effect of goal setting for motivation, self-efficacy, and performance in elementary mathematics. International Journal of Instruction, 13(4), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2....
 
96.
Sikora, J., & Pokropek, A. (2012). Gender segregation of adolescent science career plans in 50 countries. Science Education, 96(2), 234-264. https://doi.org/10.1002/sce.20....
 
97.
Simeon, M. I., Samsudin, M. A., & Yakob, N. (2020). Effect of design thinking approach on students’ achievement in some selected physics concepts in the context of STEM learning. International Journal of Technology and Design Education, 32, 185-212. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10798....
 
98.
Smith, F. M., & Hausafus, C. O. (1998). Relationship of family support and ethnic minority students’ achievement in science and mathematics. Science Education, 82(1), 111-125. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)...<111::AID-SCE6>3.0.CO;2-K.
 
99.
Smith, W. S., & Erb, T. O. (1986). Effect of women science career role models on early adolescents’ attitudes toward scientists and women in science. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 23(8), 667-676. https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.36....
 
100.
Stajkovic, A. D., & Luthans, F. (1998). Social cognitive theory and self-efficacy: Goin beyond traditional motivational and behavioral approaches. Organizational Dynamics, 26(4), 62-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-....
 
101.
Tai, R. H., Qi, Liu, C., Maltese, A. V., & Fan, X. (2006). Planning early for careers in science. Science, 312(5777), 1143-1144. https://doi.org/10.1126/scienc....
 
102.
Tal, M., Lavi, R., Reiss, S., & Dori, Y. J. (2024). Gender perspectives on role models: Insights from STEM students and professionals. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 1-19.‏ https://doi.org/10.1007/s10956....
 
103.
Tan, E., Calabrese Barton, A., Kang, H., & O’Neill, T. (2013). Desiring a career in STEM-related fields: How middle school girls articulate and negotiate identities-in-practice in science. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 50(10), 1143-1179. https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.21....
 
104.
Tandrayen-Ragoobur, V., & Gokulsing, D. (2022). Gender gap in STEM education and career choices: What matters? Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education, 14(3), 1021-1040. https://doi.org/10.1108/JARHE-....
 
105.
Teshner, N. (2014). Women in science. Women Advancement Committee, Jerusalem.
 
106.
Usher, E. L., & Pajares, F. (2008). Sources of self-efficacy in school: Critical review of the literature and future directions. Review of Educational Research, 78(4), 751-796. https://doi.org/10.3102/003465....
 
107.
Walden, D. D., Roedler, G. J., Forsberg, K. J., Hamelin, R. D., & Shortell, T. M. (2010). Systems engineering handbook: A guide for system life cycle processes and activities (4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons Inc.
 
108.
Wilson, R. E., & Kittleson, J. (2013). Science as a classed and gendered endeavor: Persistence of two white women first-generation college students within an undergraduate science context. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 50(7), 802-825. https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.21....
 
109.
Xie, Y., & Achen, A. (2009). Science on the decline? Educational outcomes of three cohorts of young Americans. Population Studies Center Research Report, 9, Article 684.
 
110.
Zohar, D., & Ezer, J. G. (2023). Navigating to tomorrow’s high-tech landscape: Outlining a path based on the Israeli case. ACM Inroads, 14(4), 51-56. https://doi.org/10.1145/363060....
 
eISSN:1305-8223
ISSN:1305-8215
Journals System - logo
Scroll to top